Jurisdiction

Jurisdiction is the power of a court to render a valid judgement. Jurisdiction over the person (i.e in personal) is the power of a court to render a valied judgement against a specific person.  Jurisdiction over the subject matter is the power to hear and determine over a thing (i.e., in rem) is the power to determine the rights of persons in regard to a concrete object or to status.

Original jurisdiction is the jurisdiction of courts of first instance, when it is exclusive or concurrent; exclusive jurisdiction exists when no other court has the power to render a judgement in a particular case or class of cases; concurrent jurisdiction exists when any one of several distinct court has the power to render a judgement in particular case or class of cases, appellate jurisdiction is the power to hear, reverse, affirm or modify a judgement rendered in an inferior court, whether a court of first or of a higher instance; general jurisdiction is the largest power any court of first instance can have in that political until; special or limited jurisdiction is the power conferred on a court to hear and determine only a special class of cases.